“It is impossible to eliminate disparities in wealth and development.” Discuss this statement.

Define the term remittances.

Referring to the graph, describe the trend in remittance flows since 1989.

Suggest three reasons why international financial aid is not always effective.

“Migration reduces disparities in wealth and development.” Discuss this statement.

(i) State which region has met its target.

(ii) Identify the year when this region first met its target.

Suggest two reasons why some regions may not meet their 2015 target.

Explain how increased trade and market access can sometimes help reduce disparities between countries.

The map shows the Human Poverty Index (HPI) of Nepal.

[“Human Poverty Index across eco-development regions”, Nepal, 2006 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (August 2009). UNDP Nepal, used with permission.]

Describe the pattern of human poverty shown on the map.

Explain one strength and one weakness of using the Human Development Index (HDI) as a way of measuring disparities.

Explain the inequalities resulting from ethnicity in a named country.

“The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are unlikely to be achieved without a dramatic increase in global energy consumption.” Discuss this statement.

State the three components that are used to calculate the Human Development Index.

Referring to examples, describe two factors that result in inequities within countries.

Explain how trade and access to markets may reduce disparities.

“The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have not improved life for the world’s poorest people.” Discuss this statement.

Examine the view that rapid population growth will prevent some countries from meeting their Millennium Development Goals.

Discuss why some governments find it difficult to provide access to safe drinking water for all their people.

“Development does not always reduce social and economic disparities.” Discuss this statement, referring to examples.

To what extent do the most successful poverty reduction strategies focus on wealth creation and gender equality?

“A falling fertility rate is always beneficial to a country.” Discuss this statement.

Discuss the main reasons why attempts to reduce socio-economic disparities sometimes fail.

“Investing in gender equality is the most effective strategy to promote economic and social development.” Discuss this statement.

Describe the global pattern of GNI per person shown on the map.

Suggest two reasons why GNI per person is not a reliable way of measuring global disparities.

Explain how debt relief may help to reduce global disparities.

“Greater gender equality is the most effective way to reduce poverty and stimulate development.” Discuss this statement.

Examine the view that gender inequalities are a major obstacle to development.

Referring to one or more countries, discuss the view that internal (national) migration can help to reduce economic and social disparities.

Discuss the extent to which two or more named countries or regions have met their Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

“Global climate change will increase disparities in development.” Discuss this statement, referring to examples.

“Poverty reduction cannot be achieved without improved soil management.” Discuss this statement.

“Trade is always more effective than aid in reducing global disparities.” Referring to examples, discuss this statement.

Define the term GNI (per person).

Using evidence from the graph, outline why Chile is more developed than Equatorial Guinea.

Explain two reasons why countries with similar GNI per person can have very different HDI scores.

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Infant mortality rate is defined as the number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using infant mortality as a measure of socio-economic development.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Identify the two goals towards which India had made more progress than South Asia in 2012.

1.

2.

Suggest two reasons why some countries, such as India, still have high rates of child mortality.

1.

2.

Explain one strength and two weaknesses of the Human Development Index as a way of measuring global disparities.

Strength:

Weakness 1:

Weakness 2:

The third Millennium Development Goal is to “promote gender equality and empower women”. To what extent might international migration play a role in helping this goal to be achieved?

(i) Describe the relationship shown on the graph.

(ii) Suggest two possible reasons for this relationship.

Briefly explain how debt relief can reduce global disparities.

Describe the trends in the cost of sending remittances from the three regions shown on the graph.

Outline one possible reason why transferring remittances creates costs for foreign workers.

Explain two reasons why remittances are often an effective way of reducing global disparities.

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Explain how inequalities can arise from ethnic differences in one named country.

Named country:

(i) Describe the relationship shown on the graph.

(ii) Suggest two possible reasons for this relationship.

Suggest two reasons why developing regions have made good progress towards meeting the MDG to provide universal primary education.

Explain how progress in education can help regions advance towards meeting one other MDG (other than universal primary education).

Briefly outline what is meant by gross national income (GNI).

Briefly outline what is meant by foreign debt.

Identify which country on the map is most in need of debt relief and briefly justify your choice.

Explain, using examples, two ways in which increased trade may help reduce economic disparities between countries.

State which country, A or B, has a more even distribution of total income and give a reason for your choice.

Suggest two reasons why an uneven distribution of income occurs within one named country or region.

Explain two ways in which remittances can help reduce disparities in the migrants’ country of origin.

Describe the relationship shown on the graph.

State the three components that make up the Human Development Index (HDI).

Suggest two reasons why composite indices (such as the HDI) are used to measure global or regional disparities.

Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using debt relief to reduce global disparities.

Describe how the percentage of total financial aid varies between the regions on the graph.

Suggest two reasons why poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa do not receive very much financial aid per person.

Explain how remittances can improve the quality of life of recipients.

(i) With reference to the graph, identify which sub-target was furthest from being met in 2008.

(ii) State the Millennium Development Goal to which the sub-target you identified in part (i) relates.

State any two other Millennium Development Goals that are not represented in these graphs.

Suggest two reasons why primary school enrollment as a percentage has increased.

Explain two reasons why aid may not help reduce disparities.

Describe the pattern of poverty shown on the map.

Suggest two reasons why differences in poverty occur within countries.

Explain two positive outcomes of a strategy designed to reduce economic disparities within one named country.